The history of Islamophobia is complex and deeply rooted in centuries of political, religious, and cultural conflict. Islamophobia has evolved significantly over time from historical religious rivalries and colonial attitudes into a modern-day phenomenon shaped by geopolitics, media, and extremist actions, as well as by social anxieties. Islamophobia is the fear, hatred, or prejudice against Islam or people who are perceived to be Muslim, Arab or both. Islamophobia often stems from ignorance, misinformation, or political agendas. It is a form of racism.

Islamophobia manifests in various ways today, ranging from discrimination and hate crimes to institutional biases and political rhetoric.

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